Dictionaries
重編國語辭典MOE Revised Mandarin Dictionary
Taiwan MOE's dictionary — the main Chinese definitions and citations, and the largest single source on the site.
兩岸詞典MOE Cross-Strait Dictionary
A second MOE dictionary, with its own glosses and Mainland-vs-Taiwan usage notes.
成語典MOE Chengyu Dictionary
Taiwan MOE's official idiom dictionary — etymology, examples, near-synonyms and antonyms for about 5,500 idioms.
Idiom-DB
A larger, community-compiled idiom list, filling in idioms the MOE dictionary above doesn't have. Unofficial and not independently verified.
CC-CEDICT
A free, community-maintained Mandarin–English dictionary, published via MDBG. Fills in words the MOE dictionaries lack, and supplies a quick English gloss alongside other entries.
Ancient Dictionary
爾雅Erya
China's oldest surviving dictionary — its synonym groups and 郭璞's commentary, plus the 反切 pronunciation notes (爾雅音釋). Text from Kanripo; some chapters structured with AI.
AI
Gemini & Claude
English translations of the Chinese dictionaries above, reconciled/merged entries, chengyu writeups, grammar breakdowns (Syntax Ladder), sentence translations, and entries for words no dictionary above covers.
Google Cloud Translation
Machine-translated the earliest batch of dictionary entries. No longer used for new work; being phased out in favor of the AI translation above.
Google Cloud Text-to-Speech
The spoken pronunciation played on flashcards.
Usage Gauges
SUBTLEX-CH
Cai & Brysbaert (2010), a film/TV subtitle corpus — spoken Modern Mandarin frequency.
Jun Da character list
A news/expository frequency list — written Modern Mandarin frequency.
Pre-Han classical corpus
An independently compiled character-frequency corpus of pre-Han classical texts.
Kanripo + jiayan
22 core classical texts, segmented into a word-frequency tally with the jiayan tokenizer.
Reader Texts & Commentary
漢籍庫Kanripo
The base texts for the Reader — the classics, histories, philosophers, military and legalist works, poetry and children's primers.
維基文庫Wikisource
A second witness used to check Kanripo's readings and to fill in missing or garbled characters and passages in some texts.
何晏 · 朱熹
The original historical commentary shown alongside 論語 (何晏) and the Four Books (朱熹).
Rouzer & Van Norden
Textbook vocabulary lists (A New Reader of Classical Chinese; Classical Chinese for Everyone) behind two of the flashcard deck sets.